Risk factors, treatments, COVID complications among 2021 top heart disease, stroke science

(NewMediaWire) – December 17, 2021 – DALLAS – While COVID-19 vaccines and variants continued to capture health headlines, a number of significant scientific research breakthroughs offered promising news in the fight against heart disease, stroke and cardiovascular risk factors. The American Heart Association, the largest non-governmental funder of heart and stroke related research in the United States, has been compiling an annual list of major advances in heart disease and stroke science since 1996.

A complete review of the Association’s top ten picks for leading cardiovascular-related research accomplishments published in 2021 can be found here. An overview of significant research highlights selected by the volunteer medical experts of the American Heart Association, a global force for longer, healthier lives for all, includes:

There’s new hope in the fight against the obesity epidemic.

Some 650 million people worldwide have obesity, a major risk factor of cardiovascular disease, and the problem continues to grow. In June 2021, semaglutide, as a weekly under-the-skin injection, became the first medicine since 2014 to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for chronic weight management. A series of studies in 2021 detailed potential weight loss benefits of semaglutide in non-diabetic subjects. Participants of the STEP 1, STEP 3 and STEP 4 trials who were treated with semaglutide were likely to lose significantly more weight – up to as much as 16% of their body weight – compared to as little as 2.4% of body weight loss among those given placebo. In a different approach to obesity, another new study found that people with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery, had a 42% lower risk of dying or having major cardiovascular problems such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure hospitalization, compared to matched peers who did not have the surgery.

Medication to treat diabetes continues to show additional health benefits.

Medicines called SGLT2 inhibitors have continued to extend their potential beyond their approved use to treat Type 2 diabetes. Multiple clinical trials throughout the year (including SCORED, SOLOIST-WHF and EMPEROR-Preserved) supported various benefits from SGLT2 inhibitors: a lower risk of hospitalization/urgent care for heart failure or death from heart disease in people with chronic kidney disease and Type 2 diabetes; reduced risk for ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest or sudden deaths among trial participants who had heart failure and reduced ejection fraction; and lower rates of cardiovascular death or hospitalization due to heart failure in people with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Tackling diabetes complications continues to be a priority.

People with Type 2 diabetes have at least double the risk of developing and dying from cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease is a common long-term complication. Two new studies reported success in treating those complications. In FIGARO-DKD, the medication finerenone reduced risk of cardiovascular death or complications by 13% compared with placebo. In AMPLITUDE-O, prescribing efpeglenatide in people with Type 2 diabetes and a history of cardiovascular disease or current kidney disease plus at least one other cardiovascular risk factors resulted in risk factor improvements and 27% lower odds of experiencing a heart attack, stroke, or death from cardiovascular or unknown causes.

Precision medicine offers new options for protecting the heart from other diseases.

Using precise gene editing, investigators may have opened new therapeutic doors for two life-threatening diseases, transthyretin amyloidosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Several early basic science trials (including a small study in the New England Journal of Medicine and a series of experiments described in the AHA journal Circulation Research  showed promising results in editing or reprogramming targeted genes using CRISPR-Cas9-based therapies – results that could pave the way for new options in personalized medicine.

Lifestyle and clinical interventions are key tools to tackling hypertension.

Nearly half of the U.S. population has hypertension, or high blood pressure – one of the leading contributors to heart attacks and strokes. The massive Salt Substitute and Stroke Study from China, involving 600 rural villages and nearly 21,000 people, found that replacing 25% of the sodium chloride in a salt shaker with potassium chloride could reap major health improvements including a 14% reduction in stroke rates. Another large trial from China, reported the potential benefits of tighter blood pressure control among study participants who were assigned to an intensive intervention targeted to lower their blood pressure.

COVID-19 has unique impact on young hearts.

For children and young adults, the pandemic has posed special challenges, in the form of rare but serious conditions linked to the virus or to two of the vaccines. A European study published in Circulation identified a newly emerging, coronavirus-related condition — multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. MIS-C can cause dangerous inflammation in the heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes and other organs. The new syndrome’s most common cardiac implications included arrhythmias, shock, dilated coronary arteries and fluid buildup in the pericardial sac around the heart. Other research sought to better understand cases of myocarditis, or heart muscle inflammation, arising after vaccination with either of the new mRNA vaccines. Overall, the risk of myocarditis after vaccination was low, the studies concluded, and most cases were mild or moderate and eventually resolved.

Flu vaccine may also protect the heart.

While flu vaccines are highly recommended for people with cardiovascular disease who are at high risk from the flu, a new study found the vaccine may offer extended protection beyond flu season. Researchers found that people vaccinated against the flu within 72 hours of a heart attack or invasive coronary procedure were 28% less likely to have a heart attack or a dangerous clot in a coronary stent or die of any cause over the course of the next year, compared to people who received a placebo vaccine. Those who received the flu vaccine were also 41% less likely to die of cardiovascular disease.

Research continues to support need for quick action to treat strokes.

It’s long been known that time lost is brain lost in treating strokes and two studies in 2021 examined efforts to shave minutes off the time from stroke onset to initiation of therapy. Both reported better patient outcomes. One study conducted in Houston and six other U.S. urban centers examined mobile stroke units, ambulances with specially trained staff, a CT scanner and laboratory testing equipment that allows for stroke diagnosis and treatment in the vehicle. A study from Spain found that people having a stroke who were transferred directly to a hospital angiography imaging suite, bypassing the emergency department and conventional imaging, were treated more quickly with a procedure to restore blood flow to the brain.

Heart-health issues in pregnancy put mothers, infants and adolescents at risk.

Cardiovascular disease is the No. 1 cause of maternal death in the U.S. Risk factors that arise before pregnancy can threaten pregnancy outcomes and raise cardiovascular dangers later. A recent study found that most women in the U.S. are not in good cardiovascular health before they give birth, and that trend is worsening: in 2011, 42.1% of women had ideal cardiovascular scores, but in 2019, only 37.7% did. Another study found that poor maternal heart health at an average of 28 weeks into pregnancy was linked to poorer heart health in the children later, at ages 10 to 14

Studies scrutinize the risk of extra anti-clotting treatments.

Researchers continue to explore the appropriate dosage and length of time for using antiplatelet medicines. An international trial called MASTER DAPT found that after coronary angioplasty and implantation of a particular type of drug-eluting stent, shortening the time patients who were at high risk of bleeding received dual antiplatelet therapy to one month appeared to lower that risk without increasing risks for heart attack, stroke and death. Research from Michigan found that people with atrial fibrillation or blood clotting in the veins (venous thromboembolism) but no recent heart attack or history of heart valve replacement who were using direct oral anticoagulants revealed that over an average of almost 21 months, those also taking aspirin had a higher risk of bleeding problems and related hospitalizations without an improvement in clotting rates.

A single pill for cholesterol and BP may help prevent heart disease.

A large international study found that a “polypill,” taken with aspirin, was associated with a 31% lower risk of cardiovascular death or events including heart attack, stroke, cardiac arrest and heart failure. The polypill contained four medications: simvastatin, which is used to treat high cholesterol and triglycerides, and the blood pressure medicines hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol and ramipril.

Studies published in the American Heart Association’s scientific journals are peer-reviewed. The statements and conclusions in each manuscript are solely those of the study authors and do not necessarily reflect the Association’s policy or position. The Association makes no representation or guarantee as to their accuracy or reliability. The Association receives funding primarily from individuals; foundations and corporations (including pharmaceutical, device manufacturers and other companies) also make donations and fund specific Association programs and events. The Association has strict policies to prevent these relationships from influencing the science content. Revenues from pharmaceutical and biotech companies, device manufacturers and health insurance providers and the Association’s overall financial information are available here. 

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About the American Heart Association

The American Heart Association is a relentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives. We are dedicated to ensuring equitable health in all communities. Through collaboration with numerous organizations, and powered by millions of volunteers, we fund innovative research, advocate for the public’s health and share lifesaving resources. The Dallas-based organization has been a leading source of health information for nearly a century. Connect with us on heart.org, Facebook, Twitter or by calling 1-800-AHA-USA1.

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 For Media Inquiries and AHA Expert Perspective:

Cathy Lewis: 214-706-1324; cathy.lewis@heart.org

For Public Inquiries: 1-800-AHA-USA1 (242-8721)

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